Abstract:
This study aimed to explore, develop, and evaluate a self-management model for patients with type 2 diabetes to prevent stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) through community participation. The sample consisted of 169 participants, divided across three phases. Phases 1 and 2 involved 97 participants, including: (1) patients with type 2 diabetes, (2) caregivers, (3) village health volunteers (VHVs), and (4) representatives from local health service units and community health networks. Phase 3 included 72 patients with stage 2 kidney impairment. Data collection was conducted from June 2023 to June 2024 and divided into three phases: Phase 1situation and needs analysis, Phase 2development of the self-management model, and Phase 3outcome evaluation. Data collection include questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The IOC values ranged from 0.50 to 1.00, and the reliability coefficient was 0.80. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent samples t-test,while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis.The results revealed that inPhase 1, revealed that self-management among patients was moderate (63%), with a high prevalence of stage 2 kidney impairment (59%). Phase 2 identified policy limitations focused mainly on medical personnel, lack of participation from other health networks, and absence of clear screening guidelines for at-risk groups. Patient care relied heavily on physician directives and lacked continuous support systems for self-care. Phase 3 showed that the intervention group significantly improved dietary behavior (p=0.047) and had a statistically significant reduction in GFR levels (p= 0.015). However, no significant differences were found in medication use, physical activity, or HbA1C levels. The results suggest that self-management can positively influence certain health behaviors, particularly diet, but clinical outcomes remain limited due to time constraints and insufficient support systems.