Sai Phyoe Zin Aung. Card, care and Citizenship: neoliberal subjectivity and the Biopolitics of pregnancy among shan migrants in Thailand. Master's Degree(Social Science). Chiang Mai University. Library. : Chiang Mai University, 2569.
Card, care and Citizenship: neoliberal subjectivity and the Biopolitics of pregnancy among shan migrants in Thailand
Abstract:
This thesis examines the complexities of care experiences among Pregnant Shan Migrants (PSMs) in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It focuses on three key areas: (1) how PSMs experience access to healthcare, particularly concerning disparities among different legal statuses or cardholder groups ; (2) how PSMs engage in self-care alongside state-provided healthcare, specifically how they distinguish between the Thai biomedical system and Shan-based care, and how they construct their own discourse of care ; and (3) what expectations PSMs hold for their childrens futures in Thailand, as a lens to understand how they exercise agency, power, and knowledge by adapting their own discourses of care. Research for this thesis was conducted from 2022-2024, using qualitative methods, including key-informant interviews, in-depth interviews, life history interviews, and participant observation with PSMs, healthcare professionals, and practitioners from civil society organizations (CSOs).The research reveals that identification cards function as crucial capital for accessing affordable healthcare, yet pregnancy serves as a turning point that compels previously undocumented migrants to engage with state documentation processes. They also exercise their agency in constructing hybrid healthcare practices that selectively blend biomedical and Shan-based knowledge systems. Through virtual communication with elder female relatives (kon thao) across borders, these women maintain transnational care networks that provide both practical guidance and emotional support that reflect the circulation of care in a multidirectional manner. Additionally, the findings also capture the integration of documentation practices into the expanded notions of maternal responsibility through the Shan concept of tuay thueng(both taking care and envisioning the future). PSMs strategically choose hospital births over home births, not only for healthcare reasons, but to facilitate birth certificate acquisition for their children, transforming bureaucratic compliance into acts of intergenerational investment and care. Their future expectations for their children reflect the acceptance of conditional citizenship requirements, including birth certificates, graduation from university, and cultural assimilation, as legitimate pathways to belonging in Thai society.The thesis argues that PSMs embody a distinct form of neoliberal subjectivity characterized by an uneven penetration across different life domains. While healthcare practices remain relationally embedded through transnational networks and cultural knowledge systems, their practices to secure citizenship or belonging embrace individualized compliance and self-responsibilization. This composite subjectivity challenges linear modes of neoliberal governance by revealing how migrants selectively adopt neoliberal rationalities when these offer viable pathways to security, while maintaining alternative knowledge systems in other domains. Within the graduated sovereignty of Thailand, where different populations receive differentiated recognition based on documentation status, these women navigate conditional inclusion rather than outright exclusion. Their experiences reflect the exercise of contemporary migration governance through stratified access that creates hierarchies of belonging, which requires a sustained individual effort to prove worthiness for inclusion.This research contributes to migration studies by demonstrating how pregnancy reshapes the relationship between migrant bodies and state power, extending theoretical understanding of biopower, care circulation, and migrant agency in transnational contexts. As political instability in Myanmar continues to shape migration patterns, understanding these processes is essential for developing more equitable approaches to healthcare access and documentation that recognize the dignity and rights of migrants, regardless of their legal status or country of origin.