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Krityavara Wongsa. Rethinking sustainable governance and civil society in Thailand: A Critical inquiry. Doctoral Degree(Public Policy). Chiang Mai University. Library. : Chiang Mai University, 2568.
Rethinking sustainable governance and civil society in Thailand: A Critical inquiry
Abstract:
This dissertation critically examines the role of civil society in governance and public policy in Thailand, analyzing its emergence, structural evolution, and function in advocacy and participatory governance. Civil society plays a pivotal role in governance by mobilizing collective action, fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration, and influencing policy reform. However, in Thailand, its position remains structurally constrained by historical governance traditions, political stratification, and ideological entrenchment. By integrating theoretical, historical, and empirical approaches, this research explores civil societys interactions with the state and market, assessing its capacity to drive policy change and sustain long-term civic engagement. The dissertation synthesizes insights from three interrelated studies: (i) the development of a methodological frameworkNetwork Interpretive Framework (NIF)to analyze civil society networks in governance, (ii) the historical transformation of Thai civil society from elite-led philanthropy to grassroots mobilization, and (iii) an empirical case study of the Chiang Mai Breathe Council, demonstrating how civil society networks operate as both agents of change and subjects of ideological containment in environmental governance. The first study develops NIF, an interdisciplinary analytical tool integrating network analysis, narrative inquiry, and historical analysis. This framework provides a multi-dimensional approach to understanding how civil society networks construct legitimacy, articulate grievances, and engage with policymakers. It offers a novel methodological contribution by mapping discourse networks and ideological shifts over time, allowing for a deeper interrogation of how civic actors navigate governance structures and power asymmetries. The second study examines the historical evolution of Thai civil society, tracing its transformation across four key phases: (i) the charitable neo-elite era (19321962), (ii) the rise of NGOs and social movements (19621992), (iii) the benevolent rebels period of democratic activism (19821992), and (iv) the present era of grassroots civil society networks (1992present). This historical analysis highlights the structural barriers that have prevented civil society from being formally institutionalized as an autonomous governance sector, instead positioning it within an ambiguous space between state recognition and political marginalization. The third study applies these theoretical insights to an empirical case study of the Chiang Mai Breathe Council, a civil society network addressing haze pollution in Northern Thailand. The Councils engagement with policy frameworks illustrates the complex interplay between Emancipatory Civil Apparatuses (ECA)where civil society mobilizes for systemic changeand Ideological Civil Apparatuses (ICA) where civil society is co-opted into reproducing existing power structures. This study introduces the concept of Civil Capital, arguing that ideological normssuch as reciprocity, moral economies, and patronage networksfunction as both mobilizing resources and structural constraints. While these ideological formations enable civic engagement by fostering trust and collective action, they also delimit the scope of contestation, reinforcing a reformist rather than a revolutionary approach to governance change. By critically examining civil societys interactions with governance frameworks, this dissertation argues that civil capitalrooted in ideology, social norms, and reciprocal trustplays a vital role in sustaining civil society networks. The findings contribute to scholarly discourse on participatory governance, sustainability, and the dialectical role of civil society in policy transformation. The research offers practical insights for policymakers, civil society practitioners, and academics, highlighting both the opportunities and limitations of civic engagement in governance. It provides a nuanced understanding of civil societys contested space in policy-making, offering new pathways for strengthening participatory governance in Thailand and beyond.