Samak Kosem. Re-orienting transnational masculinity and Queer visuality of shan male sexual commodification in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Doctoral Degree(Social Sciences). Chiang Mai University. Library. : Chiang Mai University, .
Re-orienting transnational masculinity and Queer visuality of shan male sexual commodification in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Abstract:
This dissertation examines the interplay of masculinity, migration, and queer sexual commodification through an ethnographic study of Shan male migrants working in Chiang Mai's commercial sex industry. Grounded in long-term participant observation, visual ethnography, and reflexive engagement, this research investigates how Shan men navigate, perform, and reconfigure masculine identities within the transnational landscape of Thailands queer entertainment venues, while maintaining ties to their ethnic and cultural frameworks. The study is structured around three core research questions: How do Shan male migrants engage in sexual commodification, and how does this shape their gender and sexual self-understanding? How do these men enact and negotiate different expressions of masculinity in response to the spatial, temporal, and social demands of sex work? Moreover, how do the visual and performative dimensions of queer commercial sex shape and become reshaped by these workers? The research is anchored in Sara Ahmeds concept of orientation, which provides a lens for understanding how masculinities are continuously reoriented as Shan men move through diverse spaces, social relations, and labor contexts. Rather than approaching masculinity as a fixed identity, the study highlights it as an adaptive and situated practice, deeply entangled with migration experiences, economic survival, and social belonging. Three key findings emerge from the research. First, bodily capital illuminates how Shan men commodify and manage their physical appearance as both a source of income and a means of constructing desirable masculinity. Second, the study reveals the significance of time and space in shaping masculine expressions: in queer commercial venues, men strategically adopt queered and commodified performances, while in leisure or ethnic community spaces, they reassert normative masculine roles. Furthermore, this research demonstrates how the border-crossing experiences of Shan men fundamentally reshape their relationship to time, space, and gender. As they navigate the nightlife economy of Chiang Mai, their trajectories reveal the entangled processes through which migration, labor, and masculinity are co-constructed. Bordercrossing is not merely a physical transition between Myanmar and Thailand but also a profound re-orientation that restructures their social and gendered self-understanding. Within new labor systems and social contexts, these men develop adaptive strategies to negotiate competing expectations. Leisure, in this sense, is not only a site of rest but becomes a strategic arena for the reaffirmation of normative masculinity after performing queered, commodified forms of gender in the workplace. Returning to family, romantic relationships, and Shan-specific social spaces entails an active normalization process, enabling them to maintain social legibility and navigate the contradictory demands of their transnational lives. Third, this dissertation advances the argument on cohabiting masculine modalities, demonstrating how Shan men sustain diverse and sometimes contradictory gender expressions simultaneously. These modalities are not singular or sequential but exist in parallel, offering both flexibility and agency in navigating the shifting terrains of queer labor markets and migrant social worlds. Alongside these core findings, the research also considers how transnational migration especially shaped by political violence and economic precarity in Myanmar alters Shan mens gendered self-understanding and how tensions between competing masculine ideals foster negotiation rather than resolution. By combining ethnographic depth, self-reflexive positioning, and visual analysis, this dissertation offers insight into the layered and dynamic realities of masculinities among migrant sex workers. It contributes to debates in masculinity studies, queer theory, migration research, and labor anthropology while demonstrating how marginalized men actively negotiate identity, belonging, and economic survival across varied spatial, temporal, and social conditions.