Seumsavanh Thoulachan. Assessment of water quality and water balance in Huay Kaew Watershed, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Master's Degree(Environmental Science). Chiang Mai University. Library. : Chiang Mai University, 2025.
Assessment of water quality and water balance in Huay Kaew Watershed, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand
Abstract:
The Huay Kaew watershed, situated within Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, serves as a vital water source for local communities, Chiang Mai University, and several major tourist destinations. Its main tributaries Huay Kaew and Huay Ku Khao converge before flowing into the Ang Kaew Reservoir, which supports domestic and recreational water use. However, increasing human activities, unregulated wastewater discharge, and tourism-related pressures have contributed to the degradation of water quality. Furthermore, recurring droughts and reduced rainfall due to climate variability have intensified water scarcity in the area. This study assessed water quality and water balance in the Huay Kaew watershed from April to September 2024, focusing on both spatial and seasonal variation. Water quality was evaluated using physicochemical parameters and biological indicators, with results expressed through the Chemical Index (CI) and Water Quality Index (WQI), benchmarked against Thailands surface water quality standards. Water balance was analyzed using GIS-based watershed delineation, rainfall-runoff estimation, and sectoral water demand calculations. The findings showed that upstream sites (HK1-HK5) exhibited good to very good water quality, corresponding to Class 1-2 standards. In contrast, downstream sites particularly HK10 (community zone) and HKK2 (urban-affected area) exceeded Class 4 limits for BOD, ammonium, turbidity, and coliform bacteria, indicating contamination from domestic and tourism-related wastewater. CI values ranged from 40 (polluted) to 93 (very clean), with noticeable improvement during the rainy season. WQI scores ranged from 52 to 75, reflecting poor water quality during the dry months (April-May) and improved conditions from July to September. Coliform levels at HK10 and HKK2 also exceeded national safety standards, especially during low-flow periods. Water balance analysis revealed a significant annual deficit of 4.3 million cubic meters, with total supply (3.15 million m³) falling far short of estimated demand (7.46 million m³). Peak discharge occurred in September, while the dry season saw critically low flow levels, compounding water scarcity. These results underscore the urgent need for integrated watershed management, including decentralized wastewater treatment, pollution mitigation, and sustainable tourism and water use planning to ensure long-term water security and ecological resilience in the Huay Kaew watershed.