Glushich, Alla. Association between death contemplation and mental health outcomes among older adult meditation practitioners: a study in northern Thailand. Master's degree(Mental Health). Chiang Mai University. Library. : Chiang Mai University, 2025.
Association between death contemplation and mental health outcomes among older adult meditation practitioners: a study in northern Thailand
Abstract:
Background: Promotion of positive mental health among the elderly is particularly important as the world is rapidly ageing. In Thailand, an aged society, Buddhist teachings provide a unique framework for understanding death, characterised by acceptance and preparedness. This understanding is cultivated by engaging in death contemplation practice. The practice has received little attention in mental health research and more exploration is needed to understand its effects on mental health. Additionally, research on death attitudes usually focuses on negative attitudes, such as fear of death. More research is needed to understand effects of positive death attitudes among the elderly. Objectives: The current study aimed to assess the levels of death contemplation practice and the corresponding positive beliefs and attitudes about death and their effects on mental health outcomes, including well-being, life satisfaction, self-esteem, depression, anxiety, interpersonal difficulties, and somatization. Mediating roles of positive mental health factors, namely the ten inner strengths, four immeasurable minds, gratitude, and perceived social support were examined. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 332 Buddhist Thai elderly meditation practitioners (mean age 68.12±6.86) from five provinces in Northern Thailand. Data were collected online and onsite in Buddhist temples and meditation centres. Death contemplation was measured using the Morana Questionnaire (MoQ) and the Modified Meditation Evaluation Questionnaire (MMEQ). Mental health outcomes were assessed using the WHO Well-Being Index (WHO-5-T), Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Assessment (MLSA), Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale Thai Revised (RSESTR), and Outcome Inventory (OI-21). Positive mental health factors were assessed using the inner Strengths Based Inventory (iSBI), Four Immeasurables Scale (FI-12), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Gratitude Inventory (GI-6). Additional information was collected about sociodemographic characteristics and personality using the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (shortened, ZKA-20). Results: The mean score of positive beliefs and attitudes about death was 29.66±4.4 (out of 36) and mean frequency of death contemplation practice was rated 4.93±2.12 (out of 8). Negative mental health scores were low, and the levels of positive mental health factors and outcomes were moderate and high across measures. Death contemplation practice and positive beliefs about death could only significantly predict positive mental health outcomes, whilst variance in negative was best explained by mediators, to a limited extent. Personality, employment status, and education level showed to be important covariates. Conclusions: The analysis revealed that death contemplation practice and positive beliefs and attitudes about death had a positive effect on mental health factors, e.g., ten inner strengths, which mediated the relationship between death contemplation and mental health outcomes. The results suggest that the practice was effective in cultivating positive attitudes about death and can be utilised by Thai elderly to promote positive mental health. Further research employing longitudinal designs is recommended.