Abstract:
The purposes of this study were to 1) study factors of cyberbullying of undergraduate students and 2) analyze cyberbullying factors of undergraduate students by exploratory factor analysis. The sample was 466 graduate students (60.7% female) with a mean age of 19.75 years (standard deviation = ±1.064, age range = 18-22 years). Data were collected using a cyberbullying questionnaire with 45 items tested for validity as measured by content validity (IOC = 0.80-1.00) and reliability as measured by internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha coefficients (.947). The relationship between variables was analyzed using Bartlett's test of sphericity, resulting in significant findings at the .05 level (χ2 = 23413.326, df = 946, p = .00). The quality of the sample size was analyzed using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure (KMO), which yielded a value of .971. The factors were analyzed using the common factor analysis method (principal axis factoring: PAF), with factors rotated using oblique rotation at a direct oblimin angle in SPSS for Windows. The findings were as follows: 1. The factors of cyberbullying among undergraduate students can be divided into three aspects: 1) Cyber-Perpetrators can be measured by the use of vulgar language, instigating friends to argue, spreading rumors to damage reputations, impersonating friends with personal information, blocking friends from online groups, disclosing personal information of friends, threatening friends, insulting friends through online communication channels, using friends' usernames and passwords without permission, sending computer viruses through online communication channels to make friends suffer, making friends embarrassed, sending sexually explicit material, sending violent content, bothering friends to make themselves happy, and hacking friends' online data ; 2) Cyber-Victims can be measured by receiving vulgar content, being instigated to argue with friends, seeing rumors that damage their reputation, having personal information taken and impersonated, being blocked from online groups, having personal information disclosed in online communication channels without their consent, being threatened, being insulted on online communication channels, having their usernames and passwords used without permission, receiving computer viruses that make them in trouble, feeling embarrassed, receiving sexually explicit material, receiving violent content, being bothered by others, and having their online data hacked ; and 3) Cyber-Bystanders can be measured by hearing vulgar language, seeing friends being instigated to argue, seeing rumors that damage friends' reputation, seeing friends impersonating others with personal information that does not belong to them, seeing friends being blocked from online groups without being involved, seeing personal information of friends disclosed in online communication channels without the owner's consent, seeing friends being threatened, seeing friends being insulted, seeing friends' usernames and passwords used without permission, seeing computer viruses being sent to friends, seeing things that make friends embarrassed, seeing sexually explicit material, seeing violent content, seeing friends bothering each other, and seeing friends' online data being hacked. In total, there are 45 variances. 2. Cyberbullying among undergraduate students from an exploratory factor analysis consists of 3 factors. The first factor is Cyberaggression. It had an eigenvalue equal to 22.860 and was able to explain the variance by 51.955%. It consisted of 14 components with factor loadings ranging from .669 - .922. The highest factor loading component is sending computer viruses through online communication channels to make friends suffer (.922). The second factor is Cyberbystanding. It had an eigenvalue equal to 6.371 and was able to explain the variance by 14.479%. It consisted of 15 components with factor loadings ranging from .542 - .889. The highest factor loading component is seeing friends' usernames and passwords used without permission (.889). The third factor is Cybervictimization. It had an eigenvalue equal to 2.096 and was able to explain the variance by 4.763%. It consisted of 15 components with factor loadings ranging from .510 - .879. The highest factor loading component is being insulted on online communication channels.