Abstract:
In this research work, a study on the catalytic cracking of waste chicken fat (WCF) on fly ash to liquid fuels and using 2k factorial design to determine the influence of parameters on liquid yield, naphtha and diesel content was investigated. The research was divided into 2 parts. First, the experiment was carried out in a batch lab scale reactor of 70 mL. The objectives are to determine the influence of parameters that affected the %yield of liquid product naphtha and dieselliked fuels at the operating conditions of temperature range of 420 - 460 ˚C, reaction time 45-75 minutes, initial hydrogen pressure of 1-5 bar and coal fly ash loading of 1-5 %wt. The liquid product was collected and analyzed using simulated distillation gas chromatography according to ASTM2887. Data of experiments were analyzed by design-expert program, the results showed that the optimal condition was operated at a temperature of 445 ˚C, the reaction time of 45 minutes, the initial pressure of hydrogen 1 bar, coal fly ash loading of 1%wt, which obtained the highest liquid yield of 76.76 %wt., whereas the liquid product consisted of 21.50 %wt. naphtha and 31.00 %wt. diesel. The liquid product has the heating value of 42.92 MJkg-1 and the acid value is 13.51 mgKOHg-1. The kinetics study was examined due to the conversion change of long residue with the reaction time. The results indicated the second order with respect to long residue, the activation energy (Ea) 85.97 kJmol-1and frequency factor (k0) 1.01×103 s-1. The experiment in the second part was focused on the production of liquid fuel in 3 L continuous reactor. The ranges of study variables were as follows: temperature of 420-460 ˚C, flow rate of waste chicken fat of 3-9 mL/min, N2 gas flow rate of 50-150 mL/min and amount of catalyst 30-60 % (occupied by reactor volume). From design-expert program, it was found that the optimal condition of continuous reactor were temperature 460 ˚C, flow rate of waste chicken fat 9 mL/min, N2 gas flow rate 50 mL/min and amount of catalyst 60 % of reactor volume, gave the highest yield of liquid, naphtha and diesel were 76.76, 21.62 and 41.65 %wt, respectively. The coal fly ash catalyst was determined the catalyst efficiency, it was found that fly ash activity is stable during 7 hours and after decreasing because of some of CaO was converted to Ca(OH)2. The obtained physicochemical of liquid product had a heating value of 43.39 MJkg-1, acid value of 3.82 mgKOHg-1