ผลของวิธีการทำแห้งและภาวะการเก็บรักษาต่อปริมาณของสารกลุ่มฟีนอลิกและฤทธิ์ต้านออกซิเดชันของสารสกัดจากข้าวกล้องหอมมะลิแดง Oryza sativa L.
Effects of drying methods and storage conditions on content of phenolic substances and antioxidant activity of extract from hulled red jasmine rice oryza sativa L.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of paddy drying methods and storage conditions on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities (AA) of the methanolic extract from hulled red jasmine rice. This study was divided into 3 parts. Firstly, the effects of paddy drying methods were investigated. Three different paddy drying methods; shade drying, sun drying and fluidized bed (FB) drying (115°C, 215 second, 1800 g per batch) were evaluated. The dried paddy was dehusked, and the moisture content, water activity (aw) and color in the Hunter (L, a, b) system of freshly hulled rice were determined. The hulled rice was grounded into flour and then extracted with methanol at 35oC for 8 hours. TPC of the methanolic extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. AA of the methanolic extracts were determined by 2,2- diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The results indicated that sun-dried samples had the significantly lowest moisture content and aw (p ≤ 0.05) but drying methods insignificantly affected color of the samples (p > 0.05). Shade-dried samples had the significantly highest TPC while their AA did not significantly differed from those of sun-dried samples (p > 0.05). FB-dried samples had the significantly lowest TPC and AA. Corresponding results from both DPPH and FRAP methods were obtained. Secondly, the effects of storage conditions were employed. Portions of the dried samples were vacuumpacked in OPP/AL/LLDPE or Nylon/LLDPE pouches and stored at ambient temperature (28-35°C) and 15oC for 12 months. For all drying methods, greater extent of changes in moisture content and aw was observed in the samples packed in Nylon/LLDPE pouches and stored at ambient temperature. However, for all drying methods and storage conditions, color, TPC and AA of the samples still fluctuated during storage. During storage, TPC and AA of the samples as determined by DPPH and FRAP could increase or decrease up to 24%, 20% and 26% of the values found in freshly hulled rice, respectively. Finally, the effects of cooking were investigated. The hulled rice was cooked with ratio of rice to water as 1:2 w/w. The color of the cooked rice kernels was measured. The samples were then freeze-dried. Flour samples from dried cooked rice were extracted with organic solvent or digested with enzymes. TPC and AA of the extracts were determined. The results showed that, after cooking, L value of the samples increased but a and b values of the samples decreased. Cooking caused 79-82%, 85-88% and 81-85% decrease of TPC and AA, as determined by DPPH and FRAP assays, of the methanolic extracts, respectively. However, TPC and AA (both DPPH and FRAP methods) of the enzymatic digested samples were 16 and 6 folds higher than those of the solvent extracts, respectively.