Abstract:
This research aim was to develop pasta and expanded snack from rice flour fortified with cephalopod ink as functional foods. In part 1, three drying methods for cephalopod ink powder preparation was studied. The results showed that ink powder from freeze drying at -50 oC gave the optimum properties of ink powder due to its lowest moisture content and highest solubility, protein content and antioxidant activities compared with ink powder from tray drying at 70 oC and vacuum drying (2 6 cmHg) at 70 oC ( p<0.05) . Then it was selected for the further study. In part 2, development of pasta from rice flour fortified with cephalopod ink powder was studied. Rice pasta with 5 levels of cephalopod ink powder of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 % flour basis were prepared. Cooking properties, physical properties and sensory score of pasta
were evaluated. The results showed that pasta from rice flour with 0, 1 and 3% cephalopod ink powder had similarly the highest overall liking score (p≥0.05). However, The 3% cephalopod ink powder fortified pasta gave higher antioxidant activity than the others. Then it was selected for the further study. The optimum moisture content of flour blend levels (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 % flour basis) was studied. The result showed that rice pasta from 20, 25 and 30 % moisture content of flour blend gave the similar highest overall liking score, cooking and textural properties (p≥0.05). However, the 30 % moisture content of flour blend showed smoother outer and inner surface of pasta strains which might resist to broken than the others did. Then it was selected for the further study. The optimum temperature (65, 80 and 95 C) of pasta extrusion
was studied. The result showed that temperature of extrusion of 80 C gave the best quality of uncooked and cooked rice pasta fortified with cephalopod ink powder than the others did. Cooking properties and chemical properties of rice pasta fortified with 3% cephalopod ink powder and commercial black pasta made from wheat flour mixed with 5% squid ink were determined. The result showed that rice pasta fortified with 3% cephalopod ink powder had longer cooking time, higher cooking loss, lower tensile strength, protein content and antioxidant activities than those of the commercial pasta (p<0.05). However, rice pasta fortified with 3% cephalopod ink powder had similarly score of overall liking as the commercial pasta ( p≥ 0.05) . In part 3, development of expanded snack from rice flour fortified with cephalopod ink powder was studied. Expanded snack from 5 levels of cephalopod ink powder (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 % flour basis) was prepared. The expanded snack with 5% fortified cephalopod ink powder had the highest overall score of liking and presented the optimum expansion
and texture. Then it was selected for the further study. The optimum raw material mixer moisture content and barrel temperature was evaluated. Expanded snack was prepared with 3 levels of raw material mixer moisture content (15, 20 and 25 %) and 3 levels of barrel temperature (90, 100 and 110 C). Interaction between raw material mixer moisture content and barrel temperature showed significantly affect to diameter, expansion ratio, water absorption, solubility, hardness and fracturability of snack ( p<0.05) . The 20 % of raw material mixer moisture content and 100C of barrel temperature was the optimum condition for production of expanded snack from rice flour fortified with 5% cephalopod ink powder produced because it gave the highest overall liking score snack with high expansion and good texture. The expanded snack from rice flour fortified with 5% cephalopod ink powder gave higher protein content and antioxidant activities than expanded snack from rice flour without cephalopod ink
powder fortification (p<0.05).