Benjamas Thussanasupap. The effects of systematic instructional program on breastfeeding self-efficacy, nipple pain, nipple skin changes and incision pain of cesarean mothers . Master's Degree(Maternity and Newborn Nursing). Mahidol University. : Mahidol University, 2006.
The effects of systematic instructional program on breastfeeding self-efficacy, nipple pain, nipple skin changes and incision pain of cesarean mothers
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a systematic
instructional program on breastfeeding self-efficacy, nipple pain, nipple skin changes,
and incision pain of cesarean mothers. The purposive sample of 60 unplanned
cesarean mothers, who were primipara and admitted at the postpartum unit of
Rajavithi Hospital between September 2005 and January 2006, and their healthy infant,
were divided into control and experimental groups. The first 30 dyads were assigned
to the control group and received the usual nursing intervention by staff nurses or
other healthcare professionals, while the other 30 dyads were assigned to the
experimental group and received a systematic instructional program for cesarean
mothers from the researcher in addition to the usual nursing intervention.
Breastfeeding self-efficacy was evaluated by self-report using the breastfeeding selfefficacy
scale-short form (BSES-SF), incision pain and nipple pain were measured by
Stewart’s visual analogue pain scale, and nipple skin changes were observed following
the checklist form.
The study findings showed that the breastfeeding self-efficacy mean score of
cesarean mothers who received a systematic instructional program was statistically
significantly higher than the mean score of the mothers who did not receive such a
program (t = -3.20, p < .001). The experimental group also experienced less nipple
pain than the control group on Day 3 after the delivery with statistical significance (t =
2.58, p < .01), but not on Day 1 and Day 2 (t = 0.07, p > .05; and t = 1.12, p > .05,
respectively). Likewise, the experimental group experienced fewer nipple skin
changes when compared to the control group on Day 3 after delivery with statistical
significance (p < .001), but not on Day 1 and Day 2 (p > .05). Finally, the
experimental group had statistically significantly less incision pain than the control
group on Days 2 and 3 (t = 2.47, p < .01; and t = 2.81, p < .001, respectively) but not
on Day 1 (t = 1.39, p > .05).
Based on these findings, it can be concluded that integrating self-efficacy
enhancing intervention through four primary sources of information could increase
new cesarean mothers’ confidence in their breastfeeding ability, as well as their
perseverance when encountering difficulties. Moreover, the program could be used to
improve the quality of care in promoting breastfeeding among cesarean mothers.
However, further research is still needed to examine breastfeeding self-efficacy of
unplanned cesarean mothers during the period after six weeks postpartum