Patcharee Koonchumchoo. Effects of iron and oxidative stress in SK-N-SH dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells : model of Parkinson's disease . Doctoral Degree(Neurosciences). Mahidol University. : Mahidol University, 2005.
Effects of iron and oxidative stress in SK-N-SH dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells : model of Parkinson's disease
Abstract:
Parkinson’s disease is one of the progressive neurodegenerative diseases, which
is caused by an abnormal accumulation of iron in the affected brain areas. Parkinson’s
disease involves in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress and
transition metal, iron, have been linked to the Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis.
However, it is difficult to determine if oxidative stress is a cause or consequence of the
degeneration process. By using SK-N-SH, a human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell
line, it was found that 100-250 μM FeSO4 decreased cell viability, induced reactive
oxygen species (ROS) production, and increased lipid peroxidation. These effects
were reduced by 10 μM deferoxamine (DFO). Simultaneously, glutathione and
metallothionein levels were increased in order to counteract the toxicity effects of
FeSO4. Furthermore, DFO, in the absence of FeSO4, enhanced the levels of cellular
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but caused cell damage, chromatin condensation, and
cell death. Morphological study revealed that FeSO4 (50-100 μM) altered
mitochondrial morphology, disrupted the nuclear membrane, and translocated α-
synuclein from the perinuclear region into the disrupted nucleus. Moreover, FeSO4
(100 μM) increased the transcription factor, NF-κB, levels and induced the activation
of caspase-3 activity. Apoptotic protein studies showed a decrease in anti-apototic
Bcl2 protein levels, but not pro-apoptotic Bax protein levels.
The results of these studies suggest that excess FeSO4 produces numerous
reactive oxygen species that counteract with increased glutathione and metallothionein
levels. These changes produce an oxidative stress environment, damaging the cells by
disrupting mitochondrial functions, decreasing ATP, including lipid, protein, and
DNA damage. DFO, an iron chelator, was able to reduce and attenuate iron-mediated
oxidative stress. Unfortunately, in the absence of excess FeSO4, DFO itself had
deleterious effects on the cell morphology and hence integrity of dopaminergic
neurons. Moreover, FeSO4 caused cell death by increasing NF-κB levels, decreasing
Bcl2 levels, and increasing caspase-3 activity. These results indicate that oxidative
stress induced by FeSO4 lead to cell damage and cell death via the apoptotic pathway.