Jessada Chantaravesutilert. Water audit and water efficiency options in hospital case study : a large private general hospital in Bangkok Metropolitan . Master's Degree(Technology of Environmental Management). Mahidol University. : Mahidol University, 2003.
Water audit and water efficiency options in hospital case study : a large private general hospital in Bangkok Metropolitan
Abstract:
A water audit for the water efficiency options was carried out in Thonburi
Hospital, a 435-bed general hospital, located in Bangkok Metropolitan. The purpose
of this research was to propose suitable water efficiency alternatives to the studied
hospital. The process of the water audit included site study, preparation for a water
audit, conducting a measurement of water flowrate and quantity in order to determine
water balance, identifying and prioritizing water efficiency options, feasibility
evaluation of options, and recommending water efficiency options.
The results from the water balance revealed that the hospital used water at an
average quantity of 834.4 m3/day (1842-l/bed-day). In the details, medical treatment
and the patient ward used the most water in the studied hospital with a flowrate of
452.16 m3/day (54%). The food preparation unit, softened water, dormitory, laundry,
and other units were found in the water usage of 158.74 m3/day (19%), 89.43 m3/day
(11%), 64.36 m3/day (8%), 58.70 m3/day (7%), and 11.01 m3/day (1%), respectively.
The possible water efficiency options were identified and prioritized. Some possible
options ,found in this research, were not suitable for implementation. Therefore,
feasibility studies were conducted for each option through cost-effective analysis
based on the payback period. High investment cost options that had long payback
period were eliminated.
Finally, there were nine recommended water efficiency options for the
studied hospital. The research anticipated that the implementation of all
recommended options could save 76,806 m3/year of water usage, costing 1,305,695
Baht/year, with the investment cost of 197,720 Baht and payback period within 0.15
year. And if the estimated cost reduction from Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
central wastewater treatment was included, the research anticipated that the hospital
could save the total cost of 1,612,919 Baht/year, with the same investment cost and
payback period within 0.12 year