Abstract:
Five hydrazone compounds, viz., Salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), Salicylaldehyde salicyloyl hydrazone (SSH), 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone (NBH), 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (NIH), and 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde salicyloyl hydrazone (NSH), were synthesized by condensation of the acid hydrazide with the corresponding aldehyde and characterized using elemental analysis, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and single crystal X-ray crystallography. Pure crystals of the hydrazones were obtained. Analysis of the optimized molecular geometries revealed that the hydrazone compounds are all transisomers. The kinetics of the thermal cis-trans isomerization in methanol and acetonitrile of eighteen hydrazones, viz., Benzaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone (BBH), Benzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (BIH), Benzaldehyde salicyloyl hydrazone (BSH), 2-Methylbenzaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone (MBH), 2-Methylbenzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (MIH), 2-Methylbanzaldehyde salicyloyl hydrazone (MSH), 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone (MoBH), 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (MoIH), 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde salicyloyl hydrazone (MoSH), 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone (CBH), 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (CIH), 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde salicyloyl hydrazone (CSH), Salicylaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone (SBH), Salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), Salicylaldehyde salicyloyl hydrazone (SSH), 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone (NBH), 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (NIH), and 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde salicyloyl hydrazone (NSH) have been studied using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results for measurements at 25.0 °C show that variations of substituents on aldehyde and/or hydrazide parts of the hydrazones have a significant effect on the values of the rate constant. For most of the hydrazones studied, the isomerization rate constants in methanol are greater than in acetonitrile, with the exception of BSH, MoSH, CSH, SSH, and NSH. Quantitative analysis of substituent effect on the thermal cis-trans isomerization in methanol using the Hammett equation gave negative substituent constants, σx values, for all compounds. The Arrhenius equation was used to investigate the activation energy,Ea, and logarithm of preexponential factor (frequency factor), lnA, for BBH, MoBH and CBH in methanol and acetonitrile. These hydrazones gave Ea values of 74-79 kJ⋅mol-1, lnA of 20-23 in methanol, and Ea of 80-90 kJ⋅mol-1 and lnA of 22-25 in acetonitrile, respectively. The effect of solvents on the thermodynamic parameters of the thermal cis-trans isomerization of the hydrazones for BBH, MoBH and CBH was investigated using Arrhenius and Eyring equation. It was found that when the solvent is changed from methanol to acetonitrile the average ΔH≠ increased from 73.2 ± 2.1 kJ⋅mol-1 to 82.3 ± 4.6 kJ⋅mol-1, and average ΔS≠ increased from (72.5 ± 10.5) J⋅mol-1⋅K-1 to (54.0 ± 15.2) J⋅mol-1⋅K-1. The change in ΔS≠ is greater than for ΔH≠, showing that the solvent has more effect on ΔS≠ than ΔH≠.