The study of Indian Almond Leaves (Terminalia catappa L.) on Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and guppy (Poecilia reticulata) diseases treatment
Abstract:
The study of Indian Almond leaves (Terminalia catappe L.) on Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and guppy (Poecilia reticulate) diseases treatment will provide the scientific background to support the Thai local wisdom in utilization of these leaves by Siamese fighting fish farmer for decade. Main objectives of this research are to elucidate physical, chemical and biological properties, active compound and toxicity of Indian Almond leaves extracted water on Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Efficacy of Indian Almond leaves extracted water on bacterial infection in both fish was also determined. Lastly, the investigation on therapeutic effect of Indian Almond leaves extracted water on Siamese fighting fish and guppy skin wounds and Tetrahymena infection was conducted. On the investigation of physical, chemical and biological properties of Indian Almond leaves extracted water, the three days extraction at 28 degree Celsius gave the brown tea color, tea smell, bitter astringent taste. Water and ethanol extraction gave 15.15 and 11.53 percents of total concentration of the extractants, respectively. Tannic acid as a major ingredients,(14.5+-3.2 %), rutin (20+-1.6 mg/100 g), isoquercitrin (12+-1.6 mg/100 g), copper (0.40+-0.12 mg/100 g) and zinc (2.56+-0.71 mg/100) have been detected from yellow color leaves. In red color leaves tannic acid 16.7+-2.6%, rutin 42.5+-5.8 mg/100g, isoquercitrin 25+-2.99 mg/100g, copper 0.46+-0.1 mt/100g and zinc 2.37+-0.34 mg/100g have been detected. Total bacterial count of the first day of extraction has not been found. The total bacterial count of the foliage extraction for more than three days was 10 [superscript 7] cfu/mL. The brown color extracted water obtained has fermented sour taste and smell. Median lethal concentration at 96 hours exposure (LC[subscript 50] -96h) of Siamese fighting fish and guppy to Indian Almond leaves extracted water were 6,760 ppm and 5,281 ppm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracted water for Aeromonas, Streptococus, and Tetrahymena were 1,000, 4,000 and 2,000 ppm, respectively. Indian Almond leaves water extracted at concentrations 1,000 and 10 ppm were 88 and 83.33% effective to streptocococosis therapy in Siamese fighting fish and guppy. Indian Almond leaves extracted water at 1,000 ppm has improved Siamese fighting fish and guppy non-invasive skin wound. Although the survival rates of the fishes infected by Tetrahymena artificial infection could be increased by bathing with Indian Almond leaves extracted water at 50-200 ppm the Tetrahymena still live in the survive guppy fish. Indian Almond leaves extracted water at the concentration of 1,000 - 3,000 ppm and sodium chloride at the concentration of .05 – 1 % have synergistic effect thus reduce mortality rates of Tetrahymena corlissi infected guppy in natural infection.