Abstract:
Influences of Parenting and School Environments on Lifelong Learning of Undergraduate Students with Self-Efficacy and Learning Motivation as Mediators - This research aimed to 1) develop and validate a measurement model of lifelong learning for undergraduate students, 2) study factors influencing lifelong learning of undergraduate students, and 3) examine the mediating effects of self-efficacy and learning motivation on the relationship between parental upbringing, educational environment, and lifelong learning of 417 undergraduate students. The research instrument was a 53-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire on lifelong learning, with discrimination power ranging from 0.341 to 0.782 and reliability of 0.962. Measurements of factors influencing lifelong learning included educational environment (12 items), self-efficacy (9 items), parental upbringing (10 items), and learning motivation (11 items), with reliabilities of 0.921, 0.879, 0.901, and 0.850 respectively. Data analysis included 1) Descriptive Statistics, 2) Confirmatory Composite Analysis (CCA), 3) Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM), 4) Simple Mediation and Serial Mediation analyses. Results:The measurement model of lifelong learning for undergraduate students at Chiang Mai University comprises 4 components with 17 observed variables: 1) Learning habits (4 observed variables, loadings 0.102-0.475), 2) Interest in diverse learning content (4 observed variables, loadings 0.216-0.445), 3) Ability to learn from diverse sources (4 observed variables, loadings 0.278-0.394), and 4) Self-reliance (5 observed variables, loadings 0.103-0.406). The model demonstrated structural validity (SRMR = 0.0409, dULS = 0.2564, dG = 0.1350). Educational environment (SEM) showed the highest total effect (TE = 0.5864), including direct (β = 0.2293) and indirect (IE = 0.3571) effects, with a small effect size (f² = 0.1034). Self-efficacy (SE) had a total effect of 0.4487 (direct β = 0.2590, indirect IE = 0.1898), with a small effect size (f² = 0.1132). Learning motivation (LM) showed only a direct effect (β = TE = 0.3970) with a medium effect size (f² = 0.2776). Parental upbringing (PU) had a total effect of 0.3034 (direct β = 0.1255, indirect IE = 0.1779), with a small effect size (f² = 0.0430). These four factors collectively explained 79.49% of the variance in lifelong learning (R²adj = 0.7949), indicating a large effect size.SE and LM partially mediated the relationships between exogenous variables (SEM, PU) and the dependent variable (LLL) in all cases. Simple Mediation analysis showed VAF values as follows: PU through LM to LLL (0.6410), PU through SE to LLL (0.5421), SEM through LM to LLL (0.5508), SE through LM to LLL (0.5324), and SEM through SE to LLL (0.4523). Serial mediation analysis revealed higher VAF values: PU through SE and LM to LLL (VAF = 0.7567) and SEM through SE and LM to LLL (VAF = 0.6750).