Diversity, systematics and ecology of selected boletales and agaricales genera from Thailand

Name: Bhavesh Raghoonundon

Address: 333 Moo1, Thasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100

Organization : Mae Fah Luang University

Email : library@mfu.ac.th

keyword: Evolution of Characters

MeSH: Fungi

Classification :.DDC: e-thesis

; Taxonomy

MeSH: Basidiomycota -- 259350

MeSH: Boletaceae -- 311596

MeSH: Phylogeny

MeSH: Biology -- Classification -- 59923

MeSH: Mushrooms

LCSH: Fungi

LCSH: Basidiomycota -- 259350

LCSH: Boletaceae -- 311596

LCSH: Phylogeny

LCSH: Biology -- Classification -- 59923

Abstract: Mushrooms are a diverse group of fungi that play crucial roles in ecosystems as decomposers, breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients. Found in a variety of environments, they range from edible species to toxic varieties. Besides their ecological importance, mushrooms have long been used in culinary, medicinal, and even spiritual practices across different cultures, prized for their nutritional value and bioactive compounds. In the early centuries, new species were proposed only based on their morphological characters but during the last decades, the Boletales and Agaricales have been quite intensively studied and molecular techniques have rapidly advanced our understanding of their evolution. This study led to the identification of six novel taxa from the following; Boletaceae, Hymenogastraceae and Inocybaceae. Details of each are as followed. Tylocinum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang is a genus from Boletaceae belonging in subfamily Leccinoideae. It was described in 2016 from China and, prior to this study, it contained only one species, T. griseolum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang. During our survey of Boletaceae from Thailand, we collected some specimens that could be identified as a Tylocinum species, different from T. griseolum. The bolete specimens, collected in forests dominated by Dipterocarpaceae and Fagaceae in northern Thailand, are described as Tylocinum brevisporum Raghoonundon & Raspé sp. nov. Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions with illustrations are provided, as well as a 3-gene phylogeny (atp6, tef1 and rpb2), which confirms the new taxon’s position in Tylocinum. Tylocinum brevisporum differs from the only other known Tylocinum species (T. griseolum) by its brownish-grey colour, greyish-orange to brownish-orange colour change in the hymenophore when bruised, smaller pores (≤ 0.5 mm), longer tubes (up to 6 mm long), shorter and narrower basidiospores, longer and broader basidia and longer pleurocystidia relative to cheilocystidia. T. brevisporum is the second species from the genus Tylocinum and the only one to be found outside China thus far. Umbrinipes nom. prov. is established with three new recognized species based on multiple protein-coding genes (atp6, cox3, tef1, and rpb2) analyses of a wide taxon sampling of Boletaceae. In the phylogeny, the genus appeared in the subfamily Boletoideae but the exact placement remains uncertain due to the lack of support for the internal nodes . Umbrinipes differ from other genera in Boletaceae by the following character combinations: small basidiomata (< 5 cm in diam.) with yellowish pitted pileus surface, yellowish grey hymenophoral tubes and pores which do not change colour upon bruising, thin stipe (< 10 mm wide), reddish brown to purple brown stipe context and subcylindrical to bacilliform smooth spores. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the new genus and new species are presented. Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm. is an ectomycorrhizal genus in Hymenogastraceae, with a worldwide distribution and characterized by smooth to roughened brown spores lacking a visible germ pore, distinct cheilocystidia, an absence of pleurocystidia, and an ixocutis resulting in a smooth, viscid pileus which is often two-colored. In this study, Hebeloma dipterocarpohilum nom. prov. is described and illustrated based on materials collected from Northern Thailand. Microscopic characters’ drawings, basidiospores’ scanning microphotographs and pictures of the basidiomes are provided. Phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of ITS and MCM7 gene regions were carried out to support species separation from the look-alike H. parvisporum. The novel species was located in a well-supported clade (MLB/ BPP = 100/1.00) with the closely related to Hebeloma parvisporum. Both species also differ in ecology; H. dipterocarpohilum occurring in dry dipterocarp forests at elevations lower than 1,000 m, whereas H. parvisporum is found at higher elevations, in Fagaceae-dominated forests without Dipterocarpaceae intermixed with Pinaceae, in neighbouring Laos. Inocybe (Fr.) Fr. (Inocybaceae Jülich, Agaricales Underw.) is a large genus with a total of 2249 taxon names listed in Index Fungorum. . Most species of Inocybe are also characterized by the presence of thick-walled hymenial cystidia, the apices of which typically bear crystals of calciumoxalate. Based on genetic studies, supported further by morphological and ecological differences, we present a taxonomic novelty Inocybe hopeae Raghoonundon & Raspé sp. nov. Inocybe hopeae is characterized by medium-sized basidiomes, brownish orange to brown pileus that is darker towards the margin, off-white to pale brown context, light brown to dark brown stipe with off-white basal mycelium and pale brown to grayish brown lamellae. A three-gene phylogeny (LSU, tef1, rpb2) coupled with macroscopic / microscopic descriptions and illustrations are provided confirming the species’ positions in their respective generic clades. Inocybe hopeae was sister to I. thailandica with strong support (BS = 100%, PP = 1.0). Pseudosperma is one of the muscarine-containing genera, characterized by rimulose to rimose pileus, furfuraceous to appressed furfuraceous stipe with flocculose apex, elliptic to sub-phaseoliform basidiospores, the absence of pleurocystidia and the presence of thin-walled cheilocystidia. Our Thai collections of OR1629 had similar morphological characters and 100% identical ITS sequences with the holotype of Pseudosperma keralense (TBGT12854) from India, thus indicating a new geographical record from Thailand. A comprehensive analysis of Boletaceae utilizing a concatenated dataset of ATP6, COX3, RPB2 and EF-1α, accompanied by ancestral state reconstruction, was conducted. Furthermore, analyses employing Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies (RASP) were performed on basidiomata type, hymenophore type and spore ornamentation, revealing that the ancestral features of Boletaceae genera are likely smooth spores, stipitate-pileate basidiomata and tubular hymenophore. The presence of spore ornamentations, lamellate or enclosed hymenophore and absence of stipe were independent acquisitions. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary history and morphological diversification within the Boleteceae. An evaluation of the efficiency of using ATP6 gene in species delimitation in Boletaceae was done in an attempt to predict species richness and diversity in forests of Thailand. Different approaches such phylogenetic analyses, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning were used for species delineation. . The ABGD method delineated a relatively low number of species at 45.4 % as compared to ASAP and at 29.4 % to the phylogenetic analyses for the ATP6 dataset. Phylogenetic analyses delineated a higher number of species as compared to ASAP and ABGD. The ATP6 gene has potential for use in species diversity estimation, but its effectiveness is context-dependent. Advances in molecular phylogeny over the past years have resulted in numerous changes to their classification at a rapid pace. Consequently, a vast amount of taxonomic information is available in many publications. The website www.basidio.org/ is established with the aim of gathering and compiling these scattered data on a single platform. This website will provide an up-to-date outline of Basidiomycota, notes on orders, families and genera of Basidiomycota and updated updated accounts of each genus based on the most current literature, in a user-friendly way.

LCSH: Mushrooms

Mae Fah Luang University. Learning Resources and Educational Media Centre

Address: CHIANG RAI

Email: library@mfu.ac.th

Created: 2024

Modified: 2024-12-19

Issued: 2024-12-19

วิทยานิพนธ์/Thesis

application/pdf

CallNumber: e-thesis

eng

DegreeName: Doctor of Philosophy

Level: Doctoral Degree

Descipline: Biological Sciences

Grantor: Mae Fah Luang University

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