Thitinat Dedkaew. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in critically Ill patients. Doctoral Degree(Pharmacy). Chiang Mai University. Library. : Chiang Mai University, 2015.
Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in critically Ill patients
Abstract:
Vancomycin is a tricyclic glycopeptides antibiotic with a bactericidal and narrow-spectrum properties. At present, the breakpoint for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been reduced from 4 to 2 mg/l. The lower rates of treatment success due to higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values support the need to revise this therapeutic range. The specific recommendations for initial dosing to be able to achieve trough concentrations of 15 to 20 mcg/mL in particular diseases such as pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis and meningitis. The prescription of antibiotics in critically ill patients is complicated due to pathophysiological changes in the patients organs. In addition, data on the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in critically ill patients are limited and they are no available guidelines for individualization vancomycin dosage regimen. A total of 138 patients (male 72, female 66) with 299 vancomycin serum concentrations were included in this analysis. The mean age was 65.7 ± 17.6 year (range from 18.0 to 97.0). The mean body weight was 62.1 ± 13.7 kg (range from 31.7 to 105.0). The estimated creatinine clearance was 54.5 ± 29.1 mL/min (range from 10.03 to 105.5) and SAP II score was 46.7 ± 5.6 (range from 39.0 to 52.0), respectively. Vancomycin serum concentrations were measured using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Population pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed effects regression. Age, creatinine clearance (CrCL) and body weight were tested as potential covariates in the pharmacokinetic model. Vancomycin serum concentrations were best described by a two-compartmental model with an additive error model for between subject variability. Creatinine clearance significantly influenced vancomycin clearance (CL). Mean population pharmacokinetic parameters (% between subject variability) were: CL 3.39 L/hr (13%), central compartment volume of distribution (V1) 24.92 L (26%) ; and peripheral compartment volume of distribution (V2) 24.6 (37%). Higher clearance and a smaller volume of distribution of vancomycin was observed in critically-ill patients compared to those reported in non-critically ill patients with a smaller distribution of renal function and body weight. A population pharmacokinetic model was validated using an external data set to describe vancomycin plasma concentrations over time. Therapeutic drug concentration monitoring data from 51 ICU patients receiving vancomycin were used for the validation. Using the final population pharmacokinetic model, simulations of different vancomycin doses for patients with varying degrees of renal function were performed to determine the probability of achieving therapeutic targets. Based on simulations, the standard vancomycin doses of 1,000 mg every 12 hours (for patients with a creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min) or 1,000 mg every 24 hours (CrCL 30-50 mL/min), less than 90% of patients achieved a vancomycin trough concentration (Ctrough) ≥ 15 mg/L. Model predictions showed that to ensure ≥ 90% of patients achieve a target Ctrough, 1,250 mg every 6 hours (CrCL ≥ 50 mL/min) and 1,000 mg every 8 hours (CrCL 30-50 mL/min) are needed. Alternative vancomycin dosing regimens may improve the probability of attaining target vancomycin trough concentrations in critically ill patients in Thai patients. However, routine monitoring vancomycin trough concentrations and serum creatinine is also recommended to ensure therapeutic and toxicity outcomes.